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Its maneuver-based, top-down (i.e., spoon-fed by the instructor) and has as its major goal getting a student through the knowledge and practical tests. By reflecting briefly on a situation, we often choose a better course of action than simple reaction. I just couldnt resist the opportunity to try and create a product that embraced all of the training concepts that I had been advocating. 0000002332 00000 n <>stream Perhaps I wasn't as safe a rider as I had thought. Pilots are often tempted to use over-the-counter remedies to mask the effects of illnesses such as colds, but these remedies may have side effects that severely affect our judgment and decision making. ), and the situation of the other four elements. At this point, you would be correct to ask, What exactly was wrong with the current general aviation training system? The training doctrine and paradigm in place in 2001, and still mostly in place today, is a relic of the Civilian Pilot Training Program begun in the 1939-1941 period just prior to the war. Public data . United States. When we become overconfident or complacent, our attitude subtly shifts and our margin of safety begins to erode. 938 0 obj Therefore, any conclusions in this report regarding relative safety must be considered as preliminary. 0000003978 00000 n Identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight 2. 0000003234 00000 n Even the FAA pays homage to the concept and frequently parrots it has a risk-based approach to safety oversight. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(library-corescholar@wright.edu)/Rect[391.8911 72.3516 516.2739 82.8984]/StructParent 8/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> 932 0 obj The decision-making process in-volves awareness of our situation. 0000023460 00000 n document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); You have entered an incorrect email address! It allows humans to cope with the prospect of injury or death. Rs+gLe\p- IFUb &Jg aDQq@8Um Rp-(XZLU9P\>iu6ZvyfnCGD$8- D (See AOPA Flight Training, June 1999). Weather Related Accidents Rather that concentrating on the aggregate fatalities, a more informative way to view the general aviation safety record is to examine the specific causes of fatal accidents. The . <>>>>> H@pHKXDi! Technology can do great things, Kennan said, but its a double-edged swordit depends on how you use it., Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Attitude Adjustments Could Prevent Aircraft Accidents, United States Department of Transportation, Student and Recent Graduate Opportunities. One of the projects I took on was to bring the flight training paradigm into the 21st century. 6. This study examined the FAA-defined Hazardous Attitudes and the regularity with which they occurred in the U.S. air carrier flight crew related accidents between 1991-2018. Its no great secret that nearly all new-production aircraft now have glass cockpits and advanced devices such as weather data link. <>>>>> 943 0 obj Flying high without supplemental oxygen can lead to hypoxia, which can induce feelings of elation, well-being, or belligerence. 934 0 obj 0000007165 00000 n The current student pilot start figures ought to be sobering to anyone in general aviation who is willing to admit that weve got to stop selling to ourselves if we are to survive and that $150,000 sport aircraft may not be the answer. The regulations we fly by have literally been written in blood and exist for our protection. The graph shows the total number of weather related accidents by month along with the most frequent type of causal event by month. I was intent on creating a scenario-based training program, covering all the well-known elements of the Eclipse program, including initial type training and mentoring. Keeping this attitude in check, and acknowledging limits, is important for the safety of everyone. L> endobj 25 0 obj << /Count 19 /First 26 0 R /Last 27 0 R >> endobj 26 0 obj << /Title (\nE P?%) /A 63 0 R /Next 37 0 R /Parent 25 0 R >> endobj 27 0 obj << /Title (S;c:Dsca) /Prev 28 0 R /Parent 25 0 R /A 29 0 R >> endobj 28 0 obj << /Title (VLVAW) /Next 27 0 R /Prev 30 0 R /Parent 25 0 R /A 31 0 R >> endobj 29 0 obj << /S /Named /N /Print >> endobj 30 0 obj << /Title (iJ1^y%) /Next 28 0 R /Prev 32 0 R /Parent 25 0 R /A 33 0 R >> endobj 31 0 obj << /S /Named /N /AcroSrch:Results >> endobj 32 0 obj << /Title (.kKCQgVQ) /Next 30 0 R /Prev 34 0 R /Parent 25 0 R /A 35 0 R >> endobj 33 0 obj << /S /Named /N /AcroSrch:Query >> endobj 34 0 obj << /Title (qst#Zphfj") /A 36 0 R /Next 32 0 R /Prev 37 0 R /Parent 25 0 R /First 38 0 R /Last 39 0 R /Count 12 >> endobj 35 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 24 0 R /FitH 797 ] >> endobj 36 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 24 0 R /FitH 797 ] >> endobj 37 0 obj << /Title (~53i?YiY) /A 62 0 R /Next 34 0 R /Prev 26 0 R /Parent 25 0 R >> endobj 38 0 obj << /Title (]%) /A 61 0 R /Parent 34 0 R /Next 53 0 R >> endobj 39 0 obj << /Title (~6\\) /A 40 0 R /Prev 41 0 R /Parent 34 0 R >> endobj 40 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 7 0 R /FitH 778 ] >> endobj 41 0 obj << /Title (h^,3yk@) /A 42 0 R /Next 39 0 R /Prev 43 0 R /Parent 34 0 R >> endobj 42 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 7 0 R /FitH 585 ] >> endobj 43 0 obj << /Title (R"i4Ms) /A 44 0 R /Next 41 0 R /Prev 45 0 R /Parent 34 0 R >> endobj 44 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 4 0 R /FitH 343 ] >> endobj 45 0 obj << /Title (ZURM*@O/.YI}D) /Count 3 /Last 46 0 R /First 47 0 R /A 48 0 R /Next 43 0 R /Prev 49 0 R /Parent 34 0 R >> endobj 46 0 obj << /Title (0RHNy) /A 60 0 R /Prev 58 0 R /Parent 45 0 R >> endobj 47 0 obj << /Title (#Q? 0000003086 00000 n The key to maintaining a safe attitude is understanding the factors that influence each of these traits and recognizing situations when these traits may become prevalent enough to compromise our decision-making ability. If everyone believed they would be injured constantly, we would never have left the cave. People with this mindset are more likely to increase their risk by taking chances. quickly become a crosswind or tailwind (/1 pts ) Term. 0000001742 00000 n 0000002512 00000 n Anti-authority: Regarding rules, regulations, and procedures as unnecessary. On landing, we make rapid corrections to compensate for the effects of gusty winds. 0000004565 00000 n 0000010543 00000 n <<197CA437C9B5B2110A00A89A1D010000>]/Prev 486900>> endstream 940 0 obj Official websites use .govA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. )z 5. q4T. None of the real-world issues mattered-sweating fuel during an unexpected hold, dealing with practical risk-management issues, coping with descents into busy terminal areas. Alcohol-All pilots should know better than to mix alcohol with flying. The third of the five hazardous attitudes is invulnerability. 0000003619 00000 n Deciding that there is no more that can be done or that the safety plan is good enough can become hazardous when an individual gives up in the face of demanding situations. endobj I immediately got to work creating a FITS-based program that would emphasize operating the Eclipse 500 single-pilot in the real world.It would detract too much from the subject of this article to discuss any of the well-known issues that Eclipse critics have harped on, so youll just have to settle for my training soapbox. Remember that the psychological stresses of work, school, family, or personal life are carried with you into the cockpit and can degrade your performance. 0000002738 00000 n 0000007855 00000 n For example, while performing some work for one of my post-retirement clients, I evaluated 29 TAA fatal accidents and applied a simple test. I neglected my checklist, flew the pattern the wrong way, and landed on the wrong runway. I concluded that 25 of the accidents had a high likelihood of being prevented by using such techniques and only four accidents were really skill-related.What about the other higher order pilot skills such as automation management and single-pilot resource management? When there is a strong need to get the job done or to get somewhere quickly, one may feel justified in bending the rules. Invulnerability Which of the following hazardous attitude most closely identifies with the mantra, "kick the tires, light the fires"? <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents()/Rect[72.0 607.0547 161.3428 619.9453]/StructParent 3/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> All rights reserved. Historically, about two-thirds of all general aviation (GA) accidents that occur in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are fatal-a rate much higher than the overall fatality rate for GA accidents. I immediately got to work creating a FITS-based program that would emphasize operating the Eclipse 500 single-pilot in the real world. 0000001551 00000 n I loved that machine, and it was with great sorrow that I watched its new owner ride away. Invulnerability: Believing that an accident is unlikely. In most situations, including many emergencies, it's better to take time to sort things out before committing to a course of action. Australian/Harvard Citation. For example, Cirrus is an example of a new breed of manufacturer wanting a clean break with this image. Individuals who normally keep their macho attitude in check can be tripped up when certain psychological factors color their perception. That the industry is clinging to these concepts may be as much due to culture as to bureaucratic ineptitude. The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) literature defines five hazardous attitudes that can undermine a pilot's aeronautical decision making. Using all resources. One of the projects I took on was to bring the flight training paradigm into the 21st century. Accidents associated with high winds and frozen precipitation also ranked high in the database. ~%jvN0VQ95vvvXNF]( ]e. The problem with this approach is that it did not fully consider the real root cause of the accident. In a way, the term technically advanced aircraft (TAA) has become a misnomer but it is still widely recognized as a tag line for a variety of related issues-. When we develop hazardous attitudes in flying, we are truly courting disaster. 0000005295 00000 n I believe the energy for continued evolution in training methods must originate with industry and be supported by continued FAA doctrine changes and especially reform of the knowledge and practical tests. endobj Im happy to report that many of the changes that I initiated have finally taken place-10 years later. Remember, too, that many cold remedies include alcohol as an active ingredient, so be certain not to use these before flying. 0000002716 00000 n Their report recommended changes in airman knowledge tests and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) training materials, among other changes. As I often say, I was on the first lifeboat out-ahead of the women and children. Sometimes it seems that the rules just don't apply in the particular circumstances, that they aren't that important, or that we can get away with disregarding them. 0000005523 00000 n To ensure our customers could pass the practical test, I and my successors at Eclipse quickly moved the higher order pilot training to the mentoring phase, which is not required by the regulations if you conduct all of the training in the airplane itself, rather than a simulator.I left Eclipse in February 2008, thus avoiding the companys final denouement when it came a year later. 0000005753 00000 n Nobody wants an accident, but they happen all the time. cESW#9kD{{. When a person is feeling tired, sick, or overwhelmed, they may take on one of the 5 hazardous attitudes. 0000002894 00000 n We say, "There's nothing more I can do," or "I can't do that." For example, in a loss-of-control accident, the pilots inability to control the aircraft would often be considered a skill deficiency. Fundamentally, the key to effective TAA training may not involve the glass at all but rather the proper use of higher-order pilot skills-especially risk management. 2023 Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, Inspiration, advice, jobs found at WAI conference, Garmin GFC 500 autopilot approved for more aircraft models. In my view, this analysis was flawed since it tended to accept the NTSB primary and causal accident factors as the root cause of the accident. endobj <> For this study, Safety Board air safety investigators (ASI) collected data from 72 GA accidents that occurred between August 2003 and April 2004. endobj 936 0 obj National Transportation Safety Board 490 L'Enfant Plaza, SW Washington, DC 20594, Congressional and Regulatory Correspondence. In their safety and operations materials, both the National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) and AOPA stress the contribution of weather to fatal accidents, with NBAA saying: "Most weather-related accidents are fatal and a failure to recognize deteriorating weather continues to be a frequent cause or contributing factor of accidents." Kulesa 3 The Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Transportation Small aircraft routinely operate at altitudes where temperatures and clouds are most Learning behavior modification techniques 3. A total of 135 nonaccident flights were included in the study. Its just that they need to be empirically justified by how effective they are in preventing accidents while simultaneously addressing utility in practical flight operations. Yet, the knowledge test questions have only been partly updated to reflect the new doctrine and FAA has scarcely paid any attention to wholesale curriculum redesign, a change that would require active industry support. 0000018872 00000 n 0000013927 00000 n 0000007405 00000 n The goal of this National Transportation Safety Board study was to . Take mental note of all the factors influencing the safety of the flight. There are five hazardous attitudes that contribute to accidents, Keenan said. trailer << /Size 92 /Info 18 0 R /Encrypt 23 0 R /Root 22 0 R /Prev 43363 /ID[<62896f2cdcafacd494f974f6ca84211a>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 22 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 19 0 R /Outlines 25 0 R /OpenAction [ 24 0 R /XYZ null null null ] /PageMode /UseOutlines /PageLabels << /Nums [ 0 << /S /D >> 0 << /S /D >> ] >> /PageLayout /OneColumn /Metadata 20 0 R >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /R 2 /O ( UV.`Dz-#_m_}g) /U (P3TnDd\nll) /P -12 /V 1 /Length 40 >> endobj 90 0 obj << /S 113 /O 257 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 91 0 R >> stream Their report recommended changes in airman knowledge tests and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) training materials, among other changes. 0000011706 00000 n V'cXDflQ6Rc (j:@XtFF9"Y6 [U06TV8%"HTsg"HvS"9Kf>( o+cm 0000004956 00000 n My hard-working colleagues and I created a program that we thought the FAA would love. Understanding these behaviors, and their potential danger, can help pilots prevent accidents. One tool to help make that assessment is the I'M SAFE checklist. Stressors can be broadly categorized as physical, physiological, and psychological. Risk is defined by the simultaneous assessment of risk severity versus risk likelihood. It was, and still is, a maneuvers-based test. Macho What is a proven antidote for an impulsive attitude? 0000005731 00000 n Otherwise, this important survival mechanism becomes a serious safety liability. 0000005714 00000 n Medication-On the heels of illness is medication. For example, the invention of the global positioning system (GPS) caused some pilots to lose previously ingrained navigation skills and neglect standard procedures. If we truly believed that we would be injured or killed each time we climbed into the cockpit of an airplane, we'd never turn the starter. Psychological stressors are the most common cause of allowing anti-authority traits to run amok. This approach favored cooperation between FAA and industry to change training doctrine, standards, and manuals without time consuming, inefficient and ineffective regulatory change. Physical and physiological stressors probably have the greatest influence on our perceived limits. endobj <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(CORE Scholar)/Rect[72.0 650.625 170.125 669.375]/StructParent 1/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Keenan recently visited Volpe to discuss causal factors in aircraft accidents, with a focus on pilots. Definition. To ensure our customers could pass the practical test, I and my successors at Eclipse quickly moved the higher order pilot training to the mentoring phase, which is not required by the regulations if you conduct all of the training in the airplane itself, rather than a simulator. All kidding aside (this could really ratchet up my hate mail), it could be that a diminishing cohort of old white guys, and the trade and member organizations that represent them, are preventing progress. 0000005437 00000 n <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 925 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> Fatigue-It's difficult to think clearly and rationally when you're tired. Chances are it won't be that important. They include such common factors as fatigue and proper nutrition. HWMss$]{[8% @q?VTrau!GY\lfi&X I concluded that 25 of the accidents had a high likelihood of being prevented by using such techniques and only four accidents were really skill-related. 941 0 obj 0000014911 00000 n [938 0 R 939 0 R 940 0 R 941 0 R 942 0 R 943 0 R 944 0 R 945 0 R] 939 0 obj X.1 OXRXfYy_%)i ;ee u #4& Poor pilot judgment was cited as a key factor in most GA weather-related accidents. 0000008669 00000 n trailer << /Size 123 /Info 86 0 R /Root 90 0 R /Prev 1048628 /ID[] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 90 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 87 0 R /Outlines 85 0 R /PageLayout /SinglePage /PageMode /UseNone /ViewerPreferences << /HideToolbar false /HideMenubar false /HideWindowUI false /CenterWindow false /FitWindow false >> /Metadata 88 0 R >> endobj 121 0 obj << /S 97 /O 189 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 122 0 R >> stream Macho is all too common in the construction field. endobj <>>>>> But when a friend of mine, one whom I considered to be less conservative than myself, remarked how sparks flew from the footpegs every time I cruised around the traffic circle in our town, I had to reconsider. every twelve GA accidents was a fatal weather-related accident. The number represented under "Yes" means the number of accidents in which the Hazardous Attitude was found. 933 0 obj If you own or fly a TAA, its time to speak up and help us move beyond the white-scarf era.In addition to his 22 years of FAA service, Bob Wright has 9000-plus hours of flight experience and four turbojet type ratings on his ATP certificate. Definition. It might be time to hold a meeting and discuss these safety meeting topics. <>>>>> Being an ex-FAA type, I immediately created the acronym REME to describe these folks. The Five Hazardous Attitudes. All of the pilots contacted voluntarily provided needed information concerning their flight and aviation experience, providing the control group necessary for this study. 0000015010 00000 n lieu de production gta 5 le plus rentable taa weather related accidents are associated with what hazardous attitude None of the real-world issues mattered-sweating fuel during an unexpected hold, dealing with practical risk-management issues, coping with descents into busy terminal areas. O'Hare found that pilots substantially underestimated the risk of GA flying relative to other activities, and similarly underestimated their likelihood of being in a GA accident. 0000000016 00000 n I had one goal-to get the aircraft on the ground and get out of it. 0000017373 00000 n The expression tempting fate is apt in these circumstances. 0000001028 00000 n Statistical analyses were used to determine the relationships between study variables and accident/nonaccident status and to identify variables that could be linked to an increased risk of weather-related GA accident involvement. While these terms all have negative connotations, each really represents a trait or characteristic embodied in the psyche of every human mind. The goal of this National Transportation Safety Board study was to better understand the risk factors associated with accidents that occur in weather conditions characterized by IMC or poor visibility ("weather-related accidents"). Keenan explained that, at the core, these missteps are rooted in emotional behaviors. The cause of most aircraft accidents is not mechanical failures or malfunctioning equipmentits humans. 0000005656 00000 n Commendably, it has succeeded-at least partly-in expanding the market by building products with appeal to a wider audience. The extent to which they failed to meet that objective is beyond the scope of this article.A little ancient historyAt this point, you would be correct to ask, What exactly was wrong with the current general aviation training system? The training doctrine and paradigm in place in 2001, and still mostly in place today, is a relic of the Civilian Pilot Training Program begun in the 1939-1941 period just prior to the war. Many people feel that accidents happen to those around them, but not to themselves. On the other side of the fence are elements that want to change the status quo and not just with better training. There is still no way to determine how many of these pilots had datalink weather available to them, but it is reasonable to assume that many did. They may be smart enough to know that accidents can happen to anyone at any time, but they never really believe that they will be personally involved. Stress-Numerous forms of stress can alter our decision-making ability. They believe that tie-off regulations are excessive, caution signs arbitrary, and personal protection equipment gets in the way. 0000004813 00000 n In addition to his 22 years of FAA service, Bob Wright has 9000-plus hours of flight experience and four turbojet type ratings on his ATP certificate. 3.7% of accidents in 2010 were weather related yet these accidents accounted for 27.1% of fatalities. When we find ourselves breaking the rules like this, we usually have ways to rationalize our behavior. endobj I had been riding motorcycles since I was 15, but something subtle had changed in our relationship. Also, Middle Tennessee State University did some pioneering work with a combined private-instrument rating curriculum-with a single test-and the regulations have been changed to enable that option.I believe the energy for continued evolution in training methods must originate with industry and be supported by continued FAA doctrine changes and especially reform of the knowledge and practical tests. 4. xb```5L) cc`a 4)fb- The feeling of invulnerability should be balanced against an equally keen sense of caution. It is my view that, fundamentally, most general aviation fatal accidents are risk-management accidents. 0000004410 00000 n I served as the FAAs lead general aviation executive from 2001 until I retired in 2005. If you haven't had adequate rest, don't fly. The fact were still using training concepts from the last century is a result of many factors and, while its easy to blame the FAA, we might only have to look in the mirror to find part of the problem. They feel justified by their anti-authority attitude by telling themselves that the rules dont apply in this given circumstance, or that they can get away with disregarding them. Pilots can be their own worst enemies, but awareness of common hazardous behaviors can help reduce accidents. Many small training entities and some individual instructors have embraced TAA training. <>/Metadata 926 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[930 0 R 931 0 R 932 0 R 933 0 R 934 0 R 935 0 R]>>/Outlines 159 0 R/Pages 925 0 R/StructTreeRoot 164 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> 0000005553 00000 n Your body cannot perform its best if it doesn't have the nutrients and fluids it needs. There are many excellent automation texts, training courses and providers out there but the success of these products alone is not sufficient to reduce the higher TAA accident rate documented in the recent NTSB study. 0000003357 00000 n Physical stressors relate to our environment and include such factors as cockpit temperature, noise, vibration and turbulence, hypoxia, and carbon monoxide. Many small training entities and some individual instructors have embraced TAA training. The informed consumer is probably the best agent for training change. Unfortunately, neither the NTSB nor the FAA has recognized the real issues regarding TAA training. These attitudes, Anti-Authority, Impulsivity, Invulnerability, Macho, & Resignation, often lead to poor judgment and risk assessment. A person with a hazardous impulsivity attitude may feel the need to do something-anything-quickly. The FAA (before my watch) spent considerable time, effort, and money trying to analyze accident causality with a human factors approach. 0000004202 00000 n P Rather, the results are based on a statistical comparison of accident and nonaccident flights that allows for the generalization of findings from this study to the wider population of GA pilots and flights that may be at risk for a weatherrelated accident. endobj Anti-authority: "Don't tell me!" Show all. I wanted to see quick results and I had high hopes major general aviation organizations would support this effort. 0000005372 00000 n The FAA outlines five hazardous attitudes that can compromise a pilot's decision-making: anti-authority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, and resignation. 0000004670 00000 n 0000003047 00000 n Very real hazards are ignored for the sake of convenience or expediency. Sometimes our confidence outstrips our ability to safely fly the airplane. Become a Ventilation Expert with a Lunch & Learn Seminar, 5 Questions to Ask When Considering Ventilation System Upgrade. Higher-order pilot skills, such as risk management, single-pilot resource management and automation management are either poorly considered or not addressed at all. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. We tend to believe that accidents happen to other pilots; besides, virtually all the factors that affect safety are under our direct control. Belvoir Media Group, LLC. A National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Study of Risk Factors Associated with Weather-Related General Aviation Accidents4. As a result of this study, six recommendations were issued to the Federal Aviation Administration. When the antiauthority attitude strikes, we need to remind ourselves that the rules are usually right. 0000005993 00000 n 0000006472 00000 n 0000005320 00000 n 0000004535 00000 n An hour later, after the symptoms subsided, I realized how severely my piloting abilities had been compromised. In conclusion, physical and physiological stressors can have a huge influence on a persons perceived limits. Aviation is full of challenges: flight planning, decision making, computing, and navigating. 0000014932 00000 n National Transportation Safety Board. In my view, this analysis was flawed since it tended to accept the NTSB primary and causal accident factors as the root cause of the accident. Physiological stressors can also in-fluence our macho attitude. 0000007644 00000 n They were fairly accurate in their appraisal of the proportion of weather-related accidents, but esti- It heavily emphasized risk management and single-pilot resource management. endobj Most of FAAs training emphasis is on airline training, especially after the Colgan Buffalo accident. endobj Unfortunately, neither the NTSB nor the FAA has recognized the real issues regarding TAA training. Accidents like this were only supposed to happen to other people. 00rXV0M`yR&hk!*8P t@2; L, "5U iv v@!P, A endstream endobj 230 0 obj<> endobj 231 0 obj<> endobj 232 0 obj<>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 233 0 obj<> endobj 234 0 obj<> endobj 235 0 obj<> endobj 236 0 obj<> endobj 237 0 obj[/ICCBased 253 0 R] endobj 238 0 obj<> endobj 239 0 obj<> endobj 240 0 obj<> endobj 241 0 obj<> endobj 242 0 obj<> endobj 243 0 obj<> endobj 244 0 obj<> endobj 245 0 obj<>stream endobj 0000004918 00000 n They dont think about what theyre about to do before they do it. tracks and switching equipment.