The capital city of Israel is Jerusalem, and its financial hub is Tel Aviv. The Socialist-Zionist parties Mapai and Mapam won the most seats (46 and 19 respectively). In June 1985, Israel withdrew most of its troops from Lebanon, leaving a residual Israeli force and an Israeli-supported militia in southern Lebanon as a "security zone" and buffer against attacks on its northern territory. S. Richard, "Archaeological sources for the history of Palestine: The Early Bronze Age: The rise and collapse of urbanism", Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. [176], The expulsion of the Jews of Spain is regarded by Jews as the worst catastrophe between the destruction of Jerusalem in 73 CE and the Holocaust of the 1940s. It represents for Jews the restoration of their homeland after the centuries-long Diaspora that followed the demise of the Herodian kingdom in the 1st . His idea was that because Israel was restored as a nation in 1948, that restoration fulfilled the idea of the "budding" of the fig tree as described in Matthew 24:32. The Jews who returned to Israel in 537 B.C. Accordingly, it was announced the transfer would take place in May of 1948 and the 14th would be the final day of British control. Having recruited a few thousand volunteers, he organized the blockade of the 100,000 Jewish residents of Jerusalem. Jews were required to wear yellow stars round their neck and on their hats, Christians had to wear Blue. Shapira Anita. In March 1968, Israeli forces attacked the Palestinian militia, Fatah, at its base in the Jordanian town of Karameh. Romans turned the region into a client state and persecuted those who did not worship the Roman gods. This is not reported in the Bible which describes conflict between Ahab and Ben Hadad. Israel became a nation on Pentecost to fulfill the prophecies suggested in Ezekiel 36-37. Britt Gillette is the founder of End Times Bible Prophecy and the author of Coming To Jesus and Signs Of The Second Coming. Czechoslovakia violated the resolution, supplying the Jewish state with critical military hardware to match the (mainly British) heavy equipment and planes already owned by the invading Arab states. [330][bettersourceneeded]. When they refused to hand the arms to the government, Ben-Gurion ordered that the ship be sunk. The Jewish Agency put together plans for a last stand in the event of Rommel invading Palestine (the Nazis planned to exterminate Palestine's Jews). After passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 425, calling for Israeli withdrawal and the creation of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) peace-keeping force, Israel withdrew its troops. The State of Israel declared its independence on May 14, 1948. Israel will accept Jesus as its Messiah, and. It refers to Omri, king of Israel,[54] to the god Yahweh,[55][54] and may contain another early reference to the House of David. Modern scholars believe that the Israelites and their culture branched out of the Canaanite peoples and their cultures through the development of a distinct monolatristicand later monotheisticreligion centred on a national god Yahweh. In response to Cypriot fears that the Jews would never leave (since they lacked a state or documentation) and because the 75,000 quota established by the 1939 White Paper had never been filled, the British allowed the refugees to enter Palestine at a rate of 750 per month. Shimon Peres informally replaced him as prime minister, leading the Alignment in the subsequent elections. In October 2011, a deal was reached between Israel and Hamas, by which the kidnapped Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit was released in exchange for 1,027 Palestinians and Arab-Israeli prisoners. There was already sympathy for the aims of Zionism in the British government, including the Prime Minister Lloyd George. The Kingdom of Judah was smaller but more stable; the Davidic dynasty ruled the kingdom for the four centuries of its existence, with the capital always in Jerusalem, controlling the Judaean Mountains, most of the Shephelah and the Beersheba valley in the northern Negev.[51]. In 1951 Iraqi Jews were granted temporary permission to leave the country and 120,000 (over 90%) opted to move to Israel. Other areas occupied remained under military rule (Israeli civil law did not apply to them) pending a final settlement. Churchill supported the plan but British Military and government opposition led to its rejection. In 2001, with the Peace Process increasingly in disarray, Ehud Barak called a special election for Prime Minister. For the first few days there was a great deal of uncertainty about Israel's capacity to repel the invaders. After World War I, the victors took control of much of the former Ottoman Empire in the Middle East. Deri subsequently sued a Police Officer who alleged that he was linked to the traffic-accident death of his mother-in-law (a key witness), who was run over in New York by a driver who had once been in the employ of an associate of Deri.[338]. During the Knesset debate some 5,000 demonstrators gathered and riot police had to cordon the building. Orange represents the Palestine and blue represents Israel. The party joined in coalition with Begin and disappeared at the next election. Archeologists have debated whether the united monarchy ever existed,[Notes 1][38][39] but recent evidence suggests that a polity ruled by David and Solomon did exist. As a result, Israel continued to be ruled by foreign powers: the Persians, the Greeks, and the Romans. As a result, the United Nations thought to separate the Jewish population from the Arab population by forming two separate nations. [216], During the interwar period, the perception grew that there was an irreconciliable tension between the two Mandatory functions, of providing for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and the goal of preparing the country for self-determination. 132 - The Jewish people revolt against Roman rule. Jews were still banned from living in Jerusalem, but were allowed to visit and worship at the site of the ruined temple. During that period, the Hyksos, dynasties of Canaanite/Asiatic origin, ruled much of Lower Egypt before being overthrown in the 16th century BCE.[19]. Israel gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights, and the formerly Jordanian-controlled West Bank of the Jordan River. In addition to starting a process of healing the MizrahiAshkenazi divide, Begin's government included Ultra-Orthodox Jews and was instrumental in healing the ZionistUltra-Orthodox rift. [119] As a result, the original text of some Hebrew texts, including the Books of Maccabees, were lost (Greek translations survived). Great Depression Impact & Characteristics | What was the Great Depression Worldwide? The new government annexed the Golan Heights and banned the national airline from flying on Shabbat. The Holocaust - as the genocide of 6 million Jews has become known - created worldwide sympathy for the Jewish people and the Zionist cause. Testimonies by Holocaust survivors at the trial and the extensive publicity that surrounded it has led the trial to be considered a turning point in public awareness of the Holocaust.[293]. Internal fighting led to Shinui's demise at the next election. In the days following the bombing, Tel Aviv was placed under curfew and over 120,000 Jews, nearly 20% of the Jewish population of Palestine, were questioned by the police. In December 1969, Israeli naval commandos took five missile boats during the night from Cherbourg Harbour in France. Although July 15, 537 B.C. The entire first batch to be discovered were now owned by Israel and housed in the Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum. The passages that speak about the second rebirth of Israel as a nation present the strongest case for biblical prophecies being fulfilled during our time. The party was a component of every Israeli coalition until 1992, usually running the Ministry of Education. On 29 May 1948, the British initiated United Nations Security Council Resolution 50 declaring an arms embargo on the region. The May 1996 elections were the first featuring direct election of the prime minister and resulted in a narrow election victory for Likud leader Binyamin Netanyahu. In 1979, over 40,000 Iranian Jews migrated to Israel, escaping the Islamic Revolution there. The Golan was also annexed in 1981. A second building, the Al-Aqsa Mosque, was also erected on the Temple Mount in 705. [247], Illegal migration (Aliyah Bet) became the main form of Jewish entry into Palestine. Within three years (1948 to 1951), immigration doubled the Jewish population of Israel and left an indelible imprint on Israeli society. Following this, the US worked to calm the situation and in August 1970 a cease fire was agreed. Many Bible scholars believe that these prophecies apply to the Jewish nation established in 1948 in the land over which King David reigned three thousand years ago. The Syrians were repulsed by the tiny remnant of the Israeli tank force on the Golan and, although the Egyptians captured a strip of territory in Sinai, Israeli forces crossed the Suez Canal, trapping the Egyptian Third Army in Sinai and were 100 kilometres from Cairo. [86] It is possible that the returnees, supported by the Persian monarchy, became large landholders at the expense of the people who had remained to work the land in Palestine, whose opposition to the Second Temple would have reflected a fear that exclusion from the cult would deprive them of land rights. This period is known as the Islamic Golden Age, the Arab Empire was the largest in the world and Baghdad the largest and richest city. On 16 July 2008, Hezbollah swapped the bodies of Israeli soldiers Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev, kidnapped in 2006, in exchange for the Lebanese terrorist Samir Kuntar, four Hezbollah prisoners, and the bodies of 199 Palestinian Arab and Lebanese fighters. It also participated in the failed Gallipoli Campaign. He was joined by many leading figures from both Likud and Labour. In October 1985, Israel responded to a Palestinian terrorist attack in Cyprus by bombing the PLO headquarters in Tunis. Ports were destroyed and various materials were dumped to make them inoperable. "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". [290] The plan failed when eleven agents were arrested. In September 1996, a Palestinian riot broke out against the creation of an exit in the Western Wall tunnel. [215], In 1929 tensions grew over the Kotel (Wailing Wall), the holiest spot in the world for Modern Judaism, which was then a narrow alleyway where the British banned Jews from using chairs or curtains: Many of the worshippers were elderly and needed seats; they also wanted to separate women from men. [72][74] The defeat was recorded by the Babylonians. Over the next few hundred years this requirement became steadily more ingrained in Jewish tradition. During the Late Bronze Age (15501200 BCE), there were Canaanite vassal states paying tribute to the New Kingdom of Egypt, which governed from Gaza. Afterwards, he fled with his sons and followers to the wilderness of Judea. In the late 18th century a local Arab sheikh Zahir al-Umar created a de facto independent Emirate in the Galilee. [128][129][130][131] No other revolt led to a province being renamed. Ezekiel 39:1-29 ESV / 38 helpful votes Helpful Not Helpful "And you, son of man, prophesy against Gog and say, Thus says the Lord God: Behold, I am against you, O Gog, chief prince of Meshech and Tubal.And I will turn you about and drive you forward, and bring you up from the uttermost parts of the north, and lead you against the mountains of Israel. The main underground Jewish militia, the Haganah, formed an alliance called the Jewish Resistance Movement with the Etzel and Stern Gang to fight the British. Jordan annexed the areas it occupied while Egypt kept Gaza as an occupied zone. The debate is described in Amihai Mazar, "Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy" (see bibliography), p.29 fn.2: "For conservative approaches defining the United Monarchy as a state from Dan to Beer Sheba including conquered kingdoms (Ammon, Moab, Edom) and spheres of influence in Geshur and Hamath cf. The result of his analysis was Plan Dalet, in which Haganah passed from the defensive to the offensive. Jews also fled from Lebanon, Syria and Egypt. 167 views, 0 likes, 3 loves, 8 comments, 10 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Saint Barnabas Episcopal Church Greensboro, NC: 5th Sunday after Epiphany. Concerned that partition would severely damage Anglo-Arab relations, Britain denied UN representatives access to Palestine during the period between the adoption of Resolution 181 (II) and the termination of the British Mandate. The agreement was controversial and the Labour Zionist leader who negotiated the agreement, Haim Arlosoroff, was assassinated in Tel Aviv in 1933. [238][239] In June 1944 the British agreed to create a Jewish Brigade that would fight in Italy. In 167 BCE, a Seleucid official ordered a public sacrifice to the Greek gods. 8. Canaanite sculpture showing a lion and a lioness at play. While the Arab conquerors themselves left the area after the conquest and moved on to other places, the settlement of Arab tribes in the area both before and after the conquest also contributed to the Islamization. Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts (eds.). On 19 May 1950, in contravention of international law, Egypt announced that the Suez Canal was closed to Israeli ships and commerce. Jacob's descendants would regain control of Israel Written: about 750 BC Fulfilled: Since 1948 In Amos 9:14-15, the prophet said that there would come a time when the exiles of Israel would again have Israel as their own land . Iran also encourages Holocaust denial. Although many Jews wanted to leave Nazi Germany, the Nazis prevented Jews from taking any money and restricted them to two suitcases so few could pay the British entry tax and many were afraid to leave. Half the world's Jews lived in the Russian Empire, where they were restricted to living in the Pale of Settlement. [351] Following the takeover, Egypt and Israel imposed a partial blockade, on the grounds that Fatah had fled and was no longer providing security on the Palestinian side, and to prevent arms smuggling by terrorist groups. The Holocaust | Antisemitism & Genocide in Nazi Germany. And for the Jewish people, it offered a chance to be free from persecution after thousands of years of systematic oppression by European powers. The Sharon government embarked on an extensive program of construction of desalinization plants that freed Israel of the fear of drought. Approaches Toward the Cold War: Traditionalism, Revisionism & Post-Revisionism. [60] The Samaritans claim to be descended from Israelites of ancient Samaria who were not expelled by the Assyrians. in history and taught university and high school history. 11-13 and elsewhere. The year 176 B.C. In 1897, the World Zionist Organization was founded and the First Zionist Congress proclaimed its aim "to establish a home for the Jewish people in Palestine secured under public law. [62] The Siloam inscription, a plaque written in Hebrew left by the construction team, was discovered in the tunnel in 1880s, and is today held by the Istanbul Archaeology Museum.[63]. This creates tense relations between the United States and the Arab world because the U.S. has been an incredibly vocal supporter of Israel for several decades. They also effectively eliminated Palestine by seizing the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Prior to 1948, Israel last existed as an independent nation in 606 B.C. For a total denial of the historicity of the United Monarchy cf. [310] Gahal retained its 26 seats, and was the second largest party. [103] The Hasmoneans had good relations with the Roman Republic, however growing tension between Pharisees and Sadducees led to a conflict over the succession to Janneus, in which the warring parties invited Roman intervention on their behalf. This led to even more migration and made it even more difficult for Britain to juggle the promises made to both groups. Israel expanded rapidly in the first twenty years of existence but eventually traded territorial gains in exchange for diplomatic recognition from Egypt. The new system had the opposite effect; voters could split their vote for prime minister from their (interest based) party vote, and as a result larger parties won fewer votes and smaller parties becoming more attractive to voters. 4. Toussaint Louverture Facts & Quotes | Who was Toussaint Louverture? In 538 BCE, Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire conquered Babylon and took over its empire. This and frequent invasion exercises by Egypt and Syria led to Israeli complacency about the threat from these countries. Menachem Begin's Herut party and the Liberals came next with 17 seats each. In 1558 Selim II (15661574), successor to Suleiman, whose wife Nurbanu Sultan was Jewish,[182] gave control of Tiberias to Doa Gracia Mendes Nasi, one of the richest women in Europe and an escapee from the inquisition. The declaration provided the British government with a pretext for claiming and governing the country. in History at the California State University in Long Beach. Return to the top of Prophecy Fulfilled: Israel Becomes A Nation In 1948, Return to the End Times Bible Prophecy Website Homepage. [230] No Jewish representatives were invited. The Etzel group broke off from the Haganah in opposition to this policy. The Arab-Israeli War grants Egypt control of Gaza. In 1962 the Mossad began assassinating German rocket scientists working in Egypt after one of them reported the missile program was designed to carry chemical warheads. German-Jewish architects built in the Bauhaus style made Tel-Aviv the world's only city with purely Bauhaus neighbourhoods and Palestine had the highest per-capita percentage of doctors in the world. A botched German rescue attempt led to the death of the rest along with five of the eight hijackers. [134] Others remained in the Land of Israel, where there was a continuous small Jewish presence and Galilee became its religious center. Nationwide lockdowns and mask mandates were present throughout the country for much of 2020 into 2021, with the vaccination campaign beginning in December 2020 along with green passes. It was subsequently invaded, conquered, and administered to varying degrees by Assyria, Babylonia, and Persia, among other nations; a large number of polities also vied for control over the region during the Hellenistic period. The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD , saying, Stand in the gate of the LORD 's house, and proclaim there this word, and say, Hear the word of the LORD , all ye of Judah, that enter in at these gates to worship the LORD . The great exodus became known as the Aliyah. [152], The Jewish Menorah, which the Romans took when the temple was destroyed, was reportedly taken to Carthage by the Vandals after the sacking of Rome in 455. After pushing out the Ottomans, Palestine came under martial law. [72][73] As a punishment, the Babylonians besieged Jerusalem in 597 BCE, and the city surrendered. [296] On 5 February 1966, the United States announced that it was taking over the former French and West German obligations, to maintain military "stabilization" in the Middle East. The Polish and German Jewish communities, which played an important role in defining the pre-1945 Jewish world, mostly ceased to exist. The four-meter-wide public alley beside the Wall was expanded into a massive plaza and worshippers were allowed to sit, or use other furniture, for the first time in centuries. [259], The General Assembly's vote caused joy in the Jewish community and anger in the Arab community. As a defensive countermeasure to the rocket threat against Israel's civilian population, at the end of March 2011 Israel began to operate the advanced mobile air defence system "Iron Dome"[356] in the southern region of Israel and along the border with the Gaza Strip. In a surprise result, the Likud led by Menachem Begin won 43 seats in the 1977 elections (Labour got 32 seats). Israel made a secret agreement with the French at Svres to co-ordinate military operations against Egypt. Other states in Western Europe and North America followed during the 19th Century, leading to Jews gaining civil rights and economic freedom. Clothing regulations arose during repressive periods of Arab rule and were more designed to humiliate then persecute non-Muslims. In turn, Egypt agreed to recognize the right of Israel to exist. The Alignment and Likud remained neck and neck in the 1988 elections (39:40 seats). Some groups headed to the Middle East and Palestine, within the domains of the Ottoman Empire. On 12 July, Hezbollah attacked Israel from Lebanon, shelled Israeli towns and attacked a border patrol, taking two dead or badly wounded Israeli soldiers. The principles established objectives relating to a transfer of authority from Israel to an interim Palestinian Authority, as a prelude to a final treaty establishing a Palestinian state, in exchange for mutual recognition. The Arab League reacted to the peace treaty by suspending Egypt from the organization and moving its headquarters from Cairo to Tunis. After this war, Israel began its expansion beyond the borders established by the UN. In Egypt they took control of the kingdom following a failed invasion by the Crusaders (Seventh Crusade). [323] The invasion became known as the 1982 Lebanon War and the Israeli army occupied Beirut, the only time an Arab capital has been occupied by Israel. The British, on the other hand, decided on 7 February 1948 to support the annexation of the Arab part of Palestine by Transjordan. Chris has an M.A. On 30 September 2004, Israel carried out Operation Days of Penitence in northern Gaza to destroy the launching sites of Palestinian rockets which were used to attack Israeli towns. A small group (about 200 activists), dedicated to resisting the British administration in Palestine, broke away from the Etzel (which advocated support for Britain during the war) and formed the "Lehi" (Stern Gang), led by Avraham Stern. In addition the desire not to be held responsible for initiating conflict and an election campaign highlighting security, led to an Israeli failure to mobilize, despite receiving warnings of an impending attack.[313]. Israel was "reconstituted" as a nation after World War II in 1948. On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel. British firms controlled Iraqi oil and Britain ruled Kuwait, Bahrain and the Emirates. [359][360] The Palestinian armed factions in the Gaza Strip, led by the Islamic Jihad and the Popular Resistance Committees, fired a massive amount of rockets towards southern Israel in retaliation, sparking five days of clashes along the Gaza border. Some of these citiesnamely Ashkelon, Acre, Arsuf, and Gazanow fortified border towns, were resettled by Muslim populations, who developed them into significant Muslim centers. Naaman (1992; 1996) once accepted the basic biography of David as authentic and later rejected the United Monarchy as a state, cf. Although Labour Party conferences had for years called for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, the Labour government now decided to maintain the 1939 White Paper policies. Ariel Sharon was made defence minister. [117], In 132 CE, the Bar Kokhba revolt erupted. [217] The British rejected the principle of majority rule or any other measure that would give the Arab population, who formed the majority of the population, control over Palestinian territory. Hamas won the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, the first and only genuinely free Palestinian elections. King Cyrus said, "Rebuild the temple. In 537 B.C., the Persian King Cyrus conquered Babylon and issued a decree for the Jews to return to their land and rebuild the Temple. [343], In April 2006 Ariel Sharon was incapacitated by a severe hemorrhagic stroke and Ehud Olmert became Prime Minister.[344]. Britain and France arranged for Israel to give them a pretext for seizing the Suez Canal. On 28 February 2008, Israel launched a military campaign in Gaza in response to the constant firing of Qassam rockets by Hamas militants. The incident became known as the Dollar Account affair. This was the first ever UN peacekeeping operation. [377], The COVID-19 pandemic began in Israel with the first case detected in February 2020 and the first death being that of a Holocaust survivor in March 2020. History of Jewish Persecution | What is Antisemitism? [109] Jesus of Nazareth, who was active during the early 1st century CE, challenged the Jewish authorities and preached an observance of the law based on moral principles, love of one's fellow man and God. But the example of Jacob and Esau proves Paul's argument conclusively. To set the context let me take you back to 2006. Talented small town Mizrahi social activists, unable to advance in the Labour party, were readily embraced by Begin. Jews consider the Temple Mount (Muslim name Noble Sanctuary) to contain the Foundation Stone (see also Holy of Holies), which is the holiest site in Judaism. The region of Samaria also underwent a process of Islamization as a result of waves of conversion among the Samaritan population and the influx of Muslims into the area. Lack of control over Palestinian areas was an important factor in causing civil war in Lebanon. Chronicle of a territorial dispute". In 1949, education was made free and compulsory for all citizens until the age of 14. 35-48, Reorienting the East: Jewish Travelers to the Medieval Muslim Word, by Martin Jacobs, University of Pennsylvania 2014, page 101: "Subterranean Hebron: Religious Access Rights", European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550-1750 In A.D. 70, Titus and the Roman legions destroyed the Temple and scattered the Jewish people as slaves among the various provinces of the Roman Empire. Following the revolt, Muhammad Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali, expelled nearly 10,000 of the local peasants to Egypt, while bringing loyal Egyptian peasants and discharged soldiers to settle the coastline of Ottoman Syria. No actual peace agreements were signed. Some of the Shia and Christian population of South Lebanon welcomed the Israelis, as PLO forces had maltreated them, but Lebanese resentment of Israeli occupation grew over time and the Shia became gradually radicalized under Iranian guidance. Ben-Gurion's Rafi party merged with the Labour-Mapai alliance. He was assassinated by one of his Generals, Baibars, who went on to eliminate most of the Crusader outposts. [301][302][303] On 26 May Nasser declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel". However, shortly after Islam was consolidated across the Arabian Peninsula under Muhammad, Byzantine Christian rule over the Land of Israel was superseded by the Arab conquest of the Levant in the 7th century. [291] In 1956, the increasingly pro-Soviet President Nasser of Egypt, announced the nationalization of the (French and British owned) Suez Canal, which was Egypt's main source of foreign currency. : The Year Civilization Collapsed by Eric CLine, Princeton University Press. [161], In 982, Caliph Al-Aziz Billah of the Cairo-based Fatimid dynasty conquered the region. [61] The tunnel could provide water during a siege and its construction is described in the Bible. [49][50] The Kingdom of Israel's capital moved between Shechem, Penuel and Tirzah before Omri settled it in Samaria, and the royal succession was often settled by a military coup d'tat. [240] Many of these war veterans later volunteered to fight for Israel or were active in its support. Over the course of twenty years, some 850,000 Jews from Arab countries (99%) relocated to Israel (680,000), France and the Americas. [265] The situation was one of the catalysts for the intervention of neighbouring Arab states. [334] The Sheba'a Farms provided Hezbollah with a pretext to maintain warfare with Israel. Two military districtsJund Filastin and Jund al-Urdunnwere established in Palestine. Ben-Gurion remained outside as an independent. The conflict marked the end of West-European dominance in the Middle East. Jewish property was confiscated and homes seized. Israel's recent attempts to permanently annex portions of the West Bank have only worsened tensions between Israel and the Arab world. When was Israel founded? He was helped by Jewish fighters recruited by Benjamin of Tiberias and captured Jerusalem in 614. The carnage continued when the Crusaders reached the Holy Land. The agreement allowed the PLO leadership to relocate to the occupied territories and granted autonomy to the Palestinians with talks to follow regarding final status. This is where the Israeli border started when they declared independence. After his death, Solomon inherited his empire and constructed the First Temple in Jerusalem. Their departure was largely organized by Zionist activists in Poland under the umbrella of the semi-clandestine organization Berihah ("Flight"). These villages had populations of up to 400, were largely self-sufficient[26][27] and lived from herding, grain cultivation, and growing vines and olives with some economic interchange. Further migration occurred during the Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine, which was accompanied by brutal massacres of tens of thousands of Jews. A few Jews agitated for legal equality and, in the 18th century, a Jewish enlightenment movement known as the Haskalah (Hebrew for education) emerged in Germany. Agudat Israel were allowed to maintain their existing school system. Under the treaty, Israel returned the Sinai peninsula to Egypt in April 1982. "[25], Archeological evidence indicates that during the early Iron Age I, hundreds of small villages were established on the highlands of Canaan on both sides of the Jordan River, primarily in Samaria, north of Jerusalem.