Some historians have referred to the expansion not as migration, but a process of colonization. Two such factoids are that (1) the Bantu Expansion would have been a single migratory macro-event and (2) it would have been driven by agriculture. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. There are no noticeable differences between the two communities as they both use the same Bantu languages together with French, and mainly observe Christianity. They expanded and took the land which is exactly what they will do to Somalia soon if Somalis don't put a stop to it. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. After a hundred years, the genocide slowly continued, forced to servitude. The Bantu languages constitute by far Africa's largest language family. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. However, Simon Webb/History Debunked is a bad faith actor, he cherry picks a lot of his info and he's clearly spreading false history. 285.Google Scholar, 16 Mathew, Gervase, The East African coast until the coming of the Portuguese, in Oliver, R. and Mathew, G., History of East Africa I (Oxford, 1963), 96.Google Scholar, 17 This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D.Google Scholar, 18 Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P., The East African Coast (1962), 15, etc.Google Scholar, 19 Guthrie, Malcolm, loc. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region.Google Scholar, 28 Verhulpen, E., Baluba et Balubaiss (Antwerp, 1939).Google Scholar, 29 Nenquin, J., Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, Journal of African History, IV (1963), 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 30 Clark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African History, III (1962), 222;Google ScholarFagan, B., Southern Africa, 4851.Google Scholar, 31 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 18091.Google Scholar. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. The Bantu languages, a closely-knit family of 440 to 680 languages (depending on how one distinguishes between a language and a dialect), are spoken across the southern third of the African continent, from the boundary between modern day Nigeria and Cameroon in the west, to southern Somali in the east, and as far south as the Cape. A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. They likely resulted from denser population, which led to more specialised divisions of labour, including military power, while making outmigration more effortful. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. By Ellen Rubin. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future. cit. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. No, it's not. However, this estimated expansion time could represent an underestimation and may simply show the expansion of a subset of the diversity within haplogroup R1b1* to west Central Africa through the Bantu expansion, having been shown to be especially frequent in northern Cameroon, near the putative Bantu expansion origin (Cruciani et al. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. Agricultural Bantu peoples have settled a number of ecotones next to an area that has game but will not support agriculture, such as the edges of the rainforest, open swamp, and desert. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. of the Congo rainforest at its periphery, for instance along the coasts of South Cameroon, Gabon, and Congo (11, 16, 19).A second event at 2,500 B.P. Mai Mai militia groups aided in the formation of military bases within the Hutu Refugee camps. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. These are huge areas. In his Twitter profile he had academic historian but doesnt have a PhD. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. Two major events in the recent paleoenvironmental history of Central Africa might have influenced the route of the Bantu expansion (10-18).The first was a contraction at 4,000 B.P. The migrants settled in three primary areas. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. There seems to be much more evidence for the Bantu Expansion than the Aryan 'Invasion' (quote marks because some suggest migration, some say invasion). For a year, the Ndwandwe licked their wounds. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. Has data issue: true Your email address will not be published. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. The evidence for the first stage is largely linguistic and is likely to remain so. Congo, Gabon) between 2500 BC and 1200 BC.[18]. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. It was one of the first states in Africa and paved the way for the historic Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. Nope, it was the English colonizers who killed the Khoisan or San people. The infamous Rwandan genocide was triggered by the tensions between the Hutus and Tutsis. 18091. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. Rape and slavery was common practice among the Bantu colonists. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Battle of One Tree Hill, Australian Frontier Wars, Australias smallest peacekeeping force in the unknown prelude to the Korean War. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. During their initial migration across most of Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa, which took place between . Between 1904 and 1907, up to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed, many in concentration camps, dying of disease and starvation. A characteristic feature of most AtlanticCongo languages, including almost all the Bantu languages except Swahili, is their use of tone. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. The dissolute prince of a minor tribe, playing fast and loose, raped and impregnated the daughter of a neighboring tribal chieftain. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1966. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. In my view it was probably invented by people who want to claim that most of Southern Africa originally belonged to the Khoisan people, and not the Bantus, and that the Bantus are later arrivals just as the European Colonizers are later arrivals. As for (2), the chapter argues that the earliest Bantu speakers had their own archeologically visible culture, but they were not farmers. By about 1200 CE, "Bantu-ness" was a cultural and technological network across the vast trunk of Africa. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. Others reached South Africa by 500CE and mixed with the native Khoisan-speaking people, contributing to the countrys vast diversity today. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. Derek Nurse und Grard Philippson: The Bantu Languages. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. Granted, there was defo some conflict between the Bantu and Hunter-Gatherers (as well Nilotic and Cushitic pastoralists) but that doesn't mean there was a genocide. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. The Bantu Expansion was probably the biggest example of genocide 4in human history. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. Prior to the arrival of Bantus in Southeast Africa, Cushitic-speaking peoples had migrated into the region from the Ethiopian Highlands and other more northerly areas. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. 23 Ibid. [15] The 60,000-km2 Mambilla region straddling the borderlands here has been identified as containing remnants of "the Bantu who stayed home" as the bulk of Bantu-speakers moved away from the region. The date is contested, but most historians agree the Bantu Expansion began around 1500BCE. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. The impact of the Bantu Expansion has stood the test of time it continues to influence the demographics, language, and culture of the continent today. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. Initially, archaeologists believed that they could find archaeological similarities in the region's ancient cultures that the Bantu-speakers were held to have traversed. [21], Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers also inhabited Southeast Africa before the Bantu expansion. In South Africa, however, a more complex intermixing could have taken place.[31]. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. These innovations facilitated population growth and the division of labour, forming powerful Bantu-controlled African states in the process. No its not and its a common talking point of settlers in south africa to "legitimize" their presence in south africa, im nkt a professional historian so youd best ask real historians at r/history or r/askhistorians. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. The Banyamulenge people settled there throughout history - before and during colonial rule and during Hutu rule in Rwanda. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. This empire was one of the most powerful in African History and left an indelible mark on modern-day South Africa. [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. Furthermore, both the Khoisan and Pygmies still mostly have their own specific Y-DNA haplogroups. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Zulu Warriors in full Battle Regalia Source: i.imgur.com. Proto-Bantu speakers, a linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo language family, were concentrated in the region between modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria in West Africa. [35] Such processes of state-formation occurred with increasing frequency from the 16th century onward. About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. [39][40] The Swahili city-states were also established early in this period. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. for this article. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. In many ways, it defined the British Empire.