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The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. #ga-ad {display: none;} Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. White Lotus - Wikiwand [6] Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." White Lotus Rebellion | Infoplease - Fact Monster Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The White Lotus War - University of Washington Press Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. Omissions? The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan View original page. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. . Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikipedia Ming events - Europa Universalis 4 Wiki - Paradox Wikis It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . Grandmother. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. They are not like some external tribe . The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the deeply forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless "floating" people (liumin ) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. 22 Feb. 2023 . In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. Update now. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. ", Dai, Yingcong. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The feared Manchu banners, since their conquests of the early 1700s, showed they were no longer a military force of much value, and the emperor had to recruit a new army made up of Chinese militia. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikiwand The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. //]]>. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. XIX Century Civil Wars. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Red Turban Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. . The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. 12 talking about this. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. 7 Population Milestones for 7 Billion People | Live Science What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. [citation needed]. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. }, Page last modified: In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols).